June saw an unprecedented number of movements of military aircraft all over Germany and the surrounding region. The reason: Exercise Air Defender 2023. More than 250 aircraft, including some 190 fighter jets, and more than 10,000 soldiers from 25 countries were on the move for two weeks.

Four years of preparations culminated in the largest air exercise since the foundation of NATO in 1949. Having said that, the exercise was not a NATO exercise, but a German one with input from many NATO partners, in addition to a few others. Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom and the USA all sent assets, which in many, but not all cases, included aircraft. Most noteworthy was the large delegation from the USA, which sent no less than 100 aircraft across the ocean. Although sometimes called ‘weekend warriors’, the United States’ Air National Guard (ANG) showed it is more than capable to deploy overseas and fight a war if needed.

All deployed aircraft were distributed to seven airbases in Germany: Jagel and Hohn in the northern part of the country, Wunstorf, Geilenkirchen and Spangdahlem in the middle and Lechfeld and Neuburg in the south. Apart from those bases, the Dutch contingent operated from their homebase, Volkel, while the Czech did the same from Čáslav, both doing the pre-briefing and debriefing via video conference. The three main exercise areas reflected this division, being North (including the northern part of Dutch airspace and Denmark), East and South. Two additional exercise areas were in Poland and the Czech Republic. Moreover, participants conducted Composite Air Operations (COMAO) into Estonia and Romania on so-called out-and-back missions in support of the exercise scenario.

This scenario was a basic ‘Article 5’ scenario, where the attack on one NATO member is considered an attack on all, and a collective defence by all other members follows. History has taught that when conflict begins, air forces act as ‘first responders’. Therefore, focus was on this theme, with fighter jets that are the first to go in and all other aircraft types that are necessary for support. The fighter contingent consisted of F-15s and F-16s from Denmark, the Netherlands, Greece, Poland, Turkey and the USA; Dutch, Norwegian and American F-35s; Eurofighter Typhoons from Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom; German Tornados, and JAS-39 Gripens from the Czech Republic, Hungary and Sweden. Last, but not least, the US Navy were present with six F/A-18 Super Hornets and two EA-18G Growlers, while Finland deployed the legacy F/A-18 Hornet. The support aircraft included transport aircraft such as the C-130, of which no less than ten different ANG units deployed one to Wunstorf, and also the German A400M and the Romanian C-27. During the exercise, these also practised MedEvac and regular evacuation of both military personnel and civilians, as recently had to be done in Kabul and Sudan. The odd ones out were the venerable American A-10 Thunderbolt IIs, with their specific role, providing close air support to friendly ground troops by attacking forces on the ground. During Air Defender, they supported German CH-53 helicopters in combined Personnel Rescue Missions. German H-145M light helicopters, which are mainly used by Special Forces, also participated. During Air Defender, they were integrated in combined special operations. E-3A airborne warning and control aircraft of NATO and France acted as eyes and ears in the air.

Because of its scale, logistics were a challenge before and during the exercise. For example, 1,600 tonnes of all different materials had to be flown in from the USA. And as the northern part of Germany was not attached to Cold War NATO fuel lines, some 17,000 tonnes of rocks had to be moved and used to build 2 km of fuel line to support the exercise. A very useful experience, Major Peter of the German Luftwaffe explained, “After doing this we can cut the five month construction time that was needed here in half.” Apart from fuel on the ground, fuel in the air is very important as well. Where Europe in the past mostly depended on the USA for aerial refuelling, there has been growing self-sufficiency in recent years. This was evident during Air Defender, with the participation of A330MRTTs from the Multinational MRTT Unit and the Royal Air Force and A400s from the Luftwaffe. The USAF added the venerable KC-135 Stratotanker and its successor, the KC-46, to these.

Germany used to be reluctant to use or show military power after World War II, and investments in the military were minimal, but this has changed. Large orders for multiple weapon systems have been placed and a considerable effort is put into improvement. Illustrative of the huge improvement of the status of the military is the serviceability of the Typhoon fleet, that went up from 35% in 2018 to 80% today. Organising Air Defender is another clear sign of this changed attitude. “Our goals for this largest deployment exercise since the foundation of NATO are comprehensive,” said Lieutenant General Ingo Gerhartz, chief of the German Air Force. “We want to demonstrate the agility and swiftness of air forces as a first responder and showcase NATO air power. In addition, we as the Luftwaffe show that we can plan, organize and execute such a large exercise. We take responsibility. With AD23 we underscore Germany’s capability to ensure command and control of multinational Air Forces… Another important aspect is to facilitate continuation training for Air Force units and reinforcing our cooperative bond with the eastern flank of NATO by conducting Air Defence missions in the Czech Republic airspace. The transatlantic dimension, with 100 US Air National Guard aircraft flying in Europe, is a rock-solid proof of NATO cohesion and solidarity,” Gerhartz concluded, underlining the importance of Germany as a hub for Allied defensive operations within Europe.

So, with a real war only a few borders away, NATO simulated one. As mentioned, planning started four years ago, well before Russia invaded the Ukraine. But now the scenario is more realistic and less hypothetical than it has been for decades. With NATO beefing up its defences as a result, German Defence Minister Boris Pistorius said he saw the exercise as a clear sign of deterrence. “Moscow is sure to see and hear a lot of what is going on here,” Pistorius said at Jagel Airbase, which he visited towards the end of the exercise with NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg.

The aim of this kind of exercise is twofold. One obvious target is training to operate together with allies so procedures can be finetuned. Apart from this, there is a signal to possible adversaries. And although the exercise was already planned before the invasion of Ukraine, the events there were on everybody’s mind during the exercise. During a visit to one of the participating units, German Chancellor Olaf Scholz said, “There is a turning point in history associated with the Russian war of aggression against Ukraine, because that is the statement that a powerful country is ready if it has the power to invade its neighbours to take part or all of its territory. In the recent past we all agreed that this no longer should happen within Europe, borders should be inviolable and should not be moved with force. With this exercise we train together with our allies so that the statement is taken seriously by everyone that we are ready and willing to defend every inch of our territory, and that is important.”

NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg recalled the importance of air defence. He explained, “This exercise sends a very clear message, that NATO is ready to defend every inch of Allied territory and every inch of Allied airspace… It is also a strong display of Germany’s commitment and abilities, and it demonstrates the strong bond between Europe and North America, working together in NATO.” He as well mentioned the war in the Ukraine, looking ahead to the NATO summit that is to be held in August in Vilnius. “Russia’s war against Ukraine has fundamentally changed our security environment. So, it is vital that we continue to invest in our defence. In Vilnius we will agree on a more ambitious investment pledge, with 2% of the national GDP as the floor, not the ceiling.”

When asked about the possible reaction of Russia, he said, “The aim of this kind of exercise is not to provoke a conflict, but to prevent one. As long as every possible adversary knows that the whole of NATO is there, and that we can quickly reinforce, there will be no attack. So the purpose of NATO is not to fight a war, but to prevent a war!”

During the two weeks Air Defender lasted, 24 COMAOs were flown with an average of 52 aircraft per COMAO. In total 1,808 sorties were flown out of a planned 2,034, so around 90%, a very impressive rate during an exercise of this scale. Now it’s time to evaluate the lessons learned. General Gerhartz already mentioned one, “In today’s modern world of air power, we all have to have the different capabilities in one network. We do that by datalink, which is really, really complex. During the exercise we found out it didn’t work for all assets on the first day. We improved to 80 to 90% on day two and got it fully fixed on day three. This proves you cannot simulate it, you have to do it.” There will be a full report on the lessons learned, but unsurprisingly, that will be classified.

What’s clear though, as F-15 Eagle pilot Col. Joshua of the USAF explained, “A strong offence is your best defence. It is best for everyone to come to a peaceful resolution, but if called to active, we’re ready”. And illustrating the exercise motto ‘Stronger Together’, he concluded, “If you mess with one of us, you mess with all of us”.

From 3 to the 7 July, the Aeronautica Militare (AM – Italian Air Force) held its yearly SAR (Search and Rescue) training exercise. This year, the event took place at Frosinone Air Base in the Lazio region, southeast of Rome. The activity is planned and conducted annually by the Italian Air Force, through the Rescue Coordination Center (RCC) of the Aerospace Operations Command (COA), within the international agreement Search And Rescue Mediterraneo Occidentale (SAR.MED.OCC. – Western Mediterranean SAR), in collaboration with the National Alpine and Speleological Rescue Corps (CNSAS). To ensure all involved parties are making use of all their abilities and have a new environment in which to work in each year, the event takes place in a different region every year. This way, the operational area is different each time and the emergency services participating are new, which increases learning opportunities. This is a key goal of the training event, so in case there is a real event taking place, all involved parties know how to adapt to the different scenarios they face.

Grifone 2023 brought together all the SAR ‘actors’ to deepen mutual knowledge of means, equipment, procedures, and capabilities, exactly as would happen in a great real event. All this, with the participation of foreign assets and personnel. The primary purpose of the event is training to save lives. It is vital to train for SAR activities as there is a variety of participants and different kinds of equipment involved. Being able to work closely together with all the involved parties, making sure they are all familiar with the equipment and aircraft is very important to ensure that the focus in a real-life event can be on saving lives. In addition, there are opportunities to develop synergies between the service and other public departments, and to constantly improve techniques and procedures to carry out search and rescue missions. As highlighted by the director of the exercise, Col. Giacomo Zanetti, during one of the meetings with all the staff, “the exercise is an opportunity open to the whole world of SAR. It is good to get to know each other better and train as a single team, exchanging experiences, techniques, procedures for the noble purpose of safeguarding human life.”

Being a SAR training exercise, all participating units operated helicopters. In previous editions, some fixed-wing aircraft also participated. Most Italian armed services were present with their newest assets. The Italian Army brought one NH Industries UH-90A of the 3° Reggimento Elicotteri per Operazioni Speciali ‘Aldebaran’ (special operations), from Viterbo. The Italian Navy sent one MH-90A of the GRUPELICOT 5 (5th Helicopter Group), based at Sarzana Luni. The Italian Air Force participated with one of their Leonardo HH-139Bs of the 85° Centro CSAR (85th Combat SAR) from Pratica di Mare. In addition, the Italian Air Force flew one Breda Nardi TH-500B of 72° Stormo (72nd Wing) of Frosinone, as well as one TH-500B of the Squadriglia Collegamenti Linate (Milan Linate Connection Squadron). Of the semi-military operators, the Italian Carabinieri participated with one UH-139D of the Raggruppamento Aeromobili (Aircraft Group) from Pratica di Mare. The Guardia di Finanza sent one PH-139B and one Leonardo UH-169A of the Servizio Aereo (Air Section), also from Pratica di Mare. Finally, the Polizia sent one UH-139C of the 1° Reparto Volo (1st Police Flight Department), also based at Pratica di Mare. Foreign participants came from Spain and France. The Ejercito del Aire (Spanish Air Force) brought one of their Sikorsky S-76C’s from Ala 78, based at Granada. Finally, the Armee de l’Air et de L’espace (French Air and Space Force) came to Italy with one Eurocopter AS-555AN, from EH05.067 based at Orange. During the exercise there was a strong presence of international observers. These included representatives from countries like Switzerland, Jordan, Algeria, Morocco, Macedonia and Uzbekistan.

When it comes to search and rescue, it is not only important to have air assets, but likely as important are the men and women on the ground. These teams of professionals can go to places and search for victims where air assets have difficulty to approach them. Such teams are either approaching from the ground (trekking to and through an area) or are airlifted to a particular search area. A total of 430 specialists and volunteers participated in this year’s edition. During Grifone 2023, ground rescue teams were provided by the Corpo Nazionale Soccorso Alpino e Speleologico (CNSAS – Alpine and Speleological Rescue) of Lazio, consisting of 16 teams, as well as one dog unit and one medical team. Also, the Julia Alpine Brigade of the Italian Army participated with two SAR teams. The Italian Air Force sent one team from its Fucilieri dell’Aria (Air Fusiliers) of 16 Wing. One team and one dog unit of the Alpine Rescue division of the Guardia di Finanza was also present during the exercise. A contingent of twelve volunteer nurses also contributed to the Posto Base Avenzato (PBA – Advanced Base Post) of the Italian Red Cross and the Azienda Regionale Emergenza Sanitaria (ARES – Emergency Health Services) 118 Lazio.

The CNSAS has developed its own computerized system to track and control all team members working in the rescue area. The president of CNSAS Lazio, Roberto Carminucci, said, “For us rescuers, the Grifone exercise represents a fundamental moment of meeting, discussion and, last but not least, interpersonal knowledge sharing between the various participants involved in emergencies. The collaboration of different rescue workers enhances the success of our task: saving lives. This type of activity means that all the rescue workers can talk to each other finding possible critical issues. These are fundamental moments to make the teams known, with an important psychological and human component. Because when you get to know each other, you create relationships that enhance the success of the work in the operational part.”

Frosinone, being an active base in use with 72 Stormo of the Italian Air Force, presents many flying activities for training new pilots. This added to the real-life scenarios of busy air space, in case a forward operation base needs to be established to coordinate the activities of various helicopters. All additional facilities are integrated in the scenarios, with different logistics and support departments of the Italian Air Force providing support. This was clearly the true nerve centre of the training activities. Anything from pre-flight briefings, helicopter marshals and maintenance, as well as facilities for the rescue workers, were provided in a separate section of the active air base. In the morning of the first day, there were familiarization sessions between the rescue workers and the helicopter crews. Getting familiar with the helicopters is an important part of the exercise. The individual teams needed to be able to get in and out of the helicopter in an efficient and safe manner. Flight activities started late morning or early afternoon and lasted until after sunset, with a total of 48 flying hours flown, through 65 missions, over the course of the exercise. This close collaboration and perfect synchronization of activities contributed to the overall success of the exercise.

Flight activities during the exercise were carried out in the areas designated for field training. This included one on the Lepini Mountains southwest of the Frosinone. The other operating area was one on the Simbruini Mountains northeast of Frosinone. With a wide operating area that included mountainous terrain, it was ideal for simulations of the various possible emergency scenarios. “Giving the maximum always and in any case is the goal of each SAR crew,” explained Col. Giacomo Zanetti. “The Grifone exercise involves many teams and many people who with the passion to collaborate for the protection of human life put their skills in place. And as one team we exchange experiences, technical knowledge and procedures for this goal.” Joint ground rescue teams faced a variety of realistic scenarios, including rescuing injured hikers, recovering people lost in the mountains, extracting canyoners stranded in gorges, and trapped cavers. These simulations tested the teams’ operational and decision-making skills, allowing them to gain valuable experience in handling complex, high-risk situations. During the day, rescue teams were assigned to their respective helicopters, after which they would be airlifted to their designated areas, where they would complete their tasks. During these missions, there would be constant contact with the control centre, from which the coordination of all missions took place. Once a victim had been found and possible injuries had been identified, a different helicopter would be assigned to pick up the stranded or wounded person, as well as the rescue team. The assigned helicopter would then head to the area and begin its initial search, followed by the rescue mission. This would include hovering over the area and picking up the victim and team in confined spaces. Once everyone was back on board, the helicopter would return to Frosinone where ambulances would be ready to pick up the injured person.

In a catastrophic event, such as the recent flood in the Emilia Romagna region, the mobilization and coordination of national resources is vital to start up SAR tasks as soon as possible. To gain the competence to manage air traffic of different operators at such a large scale takes practice. This makes SAR exercises like Grifone so valuable. Managing so many aircraft operating simultaneously in a crisis area is an operation that cannot be improvised on the spot.